News Updates on “Tree man” Essay Example for Free

News Updates on â€Å"Tree man† Essay On January 19, Shurmer (2010), an author for the Comment News site composed an article refreshing the site perusers on the progressing battles of Richard Pennicuik, also called â€Å"Tree man. † Since early December of the earlier year, Tree man had been living in a gum tree close to his home in Hume Road, in the City of Gosnells, as a type of dissent and to spare the tree from the city committee intends to free the road from all develop trees that may cause hurt by dropping enormous appendages. As of the composition of the article, he had been in the tree for 43 days and was encountering physical troubles on his legitimate issues as there was a serious heatwave and the high temperatures were causing him inconvenience. Entitled â€Å"‘Tree man’ loses hope,† the article chronicled Tree man’s blurring positive thinking brought about by heat-prompted cerebral pains; the board fining him $5000, as it esteemed the stages that filled in as his temporary treehouse were illicit, and compelling him to expel these structures; and the deserting of a nearby gum tree by a turning group who had involved it for a similar reason. A few months after the fact on March thirteenth, a Staff Writer (2010) for Perthnow a neighborhood auxiliary of The Sunday Times, composed a generally later update piece on the Tree man. Approaching â€Å"Tree man Richard Pennicuik for city hall leader? † the report goes ahead the impact points of a stalemate the earlier day wherein he despite everything wouldn't descend from the tree considerably after cops and tree-cutting hardware had shown up. Evidently, in spite of the past report on his resolve and medical issues, he had remained on the tree for an additional 53 days. The title of the article originates from a remark Tree man had made, saying he had expectations of running for city chairman as the current committee he was fighting was â€Å"laughable and unworkable. † A scientific examination of these two Tree man news story updates will be talked about. The principal, generally perceptible, contrast between the two news stories is their checked distinction long, with the primary article any longer than the second. In spite of the fact that amount doesn't really indicate substance, it very well may be seen that the Comment News article contains generally more established truths about the circumstance than the PerthNow article. Furthermore, on a related note, it can likewise be seen that the previous article has increasingly content identified with the real subject, as meant by the article title, than the last mentioned. For instance to help both of these perceptions, despite the fact that Comment News does exclude a statement wherein Tree man expressly expressed that he was â€Å"losing hope,† it makes reference to why this would be the situation by including a statement where he said he â€Å"didn’t adapt well† to the heatwave cerebral pains and how the $5000 fine would â€Å"ruin his family. † The PerthNow article, then again, just legitimizes the title referencing Tree man’s mayoral desires with the statement: The current system is absurd and unworkable and I need to get in there, on the off chance that I have enough supporters, to run the board the manner in which it ought to be run. The remainder of the article, be that as it may, doesn't make reference to the issue again and just contains a concise rundown of the past day’s stalemate and another statement from Tree man where he reasserts his position. The Comment News article appears to marginally drive the â€Å"losing hope† topic however, by quickly referencing that the road was forlorn because of the surrender of the contiguous gum tree, in spite of the fact that Tree man isn't referenced as having a sentiment on this. In any case, this perception despite everything adds to the conversation of the fundamental subject. Intelligibility to a particular point is to some degree a necessity for any conventional article, particularly one that is expertly composed. The quickness and absence of intelligence on account of the last article can, be that as it may, can be credited to the author expecting the reades to definitely know the subtleties as the circumstance was at that point months-long, and there was a climactic update the day preceding. The two articles do, be that as it may, paint Tree man as both a devoted dissident from his demonstrations of rebellion, and furthermore an oddity character as the tones of his statements in the principal article are somewhat shaken and emotional and in the second, discernibly vague.He was additionally depicted as remaining â€Å"defiantly aloft† notwithstanding legitimate and physical peril, and his lawyer’s fights. References hurmer, J. (2010, January 19). ‘Tree man’ loses trust. Remark News. Recovered from http://southern. inmycommunity. com. au/news-and-perspectives/neighborhood news/Tree-man-loses-trust/7546357/Staff Writer. (2010, March 13) Tree man Richard Pennicuik for city hall leader? PerthNow. com. The Sunday Times. Recovered from http://www. perthnow. com. au/news/tree-man-richard-pennicuik-for-city hall leader/story-e6frg12c-1225840398316

Free Essays on Narrative Essay

As I strolled down the foyer to the back, a solid horrendous smell got recognizable. I strolled further and the smell became more grounded. I nearly couldn’t take it; the smell wound my stomach nearly making me upchuck, yet I battled the inclination and progressed forward. As I strolled on that’s when I heard it, at first muted and afterward more clear, it was cries and howls. It seemed like something was being tormented or killed so as to extricate the last piece of torment from its casualty. I went ahead arriving at the finish of the entry; that’s when I at that point crossed the limit into the primary room just to have my heart torn from my chest and tossed to the floor. Everything I could see was a great many confines of pooches in a portion of the most exceedingly terrible conditions I have ever observed. As I wandered into the room the principal thing that leaped out at me were the enclosures, they were little, and had a few mutts in every one. The pens were built of steel fencing on three sides and they were associated with an indistinguishable outside nook by means of a gap in a common square divider. I strolled on and saw that I was beginning to perspire. It was outrageously blistering and awkward in this room; I could just envision how the creatures felt lying on the floor close to the section that was allowing in the bursting inferno of the evening sun. As I progressed forward, I contemplated internally, â€Å"They don’t even treat detainees this badly.† Wincing as I needed to pass all the enclosures I saw that not exclusively were the confines little, overloaded, and forlorn, they were additionally dirty. The appalling scent that had grasped my feeling of smell prior was that of canine pee and feces. The bear solid floors of the enclosures were canvassed in dried pooch pee that in the summer’s heat was discharging a not exactly alluring fragrance. As I moved toward an enclosure to see one of the canines, I saw fecal issue was recognized everywhere throughout the floor. On the off chance that I needed to figure I would state that the enclosures were never cleaned. Gotten between affliction... Free Essays on Narrative Essay Free Essays on Narrative Essay â€Å"Stop pursuing me!† screeched the young man with spots and fire-red hair. Sheila couldn’t help however gaze as she entered her smooth dark Mercedes with all-wood framing and cowhide inside. She flipped up her mobile phone and promptly dialed the quantity of her office, coming to Suzy, her secretary. Without even a welcome, Sheila started shaking orders away. â€Å"Call Mr. Isham, drop my arrangement at 3:30, have the McLaden, Hyatt, Jacobs, and Smith Warner records around my work area a.s.a.p.† All in one breath. â€Å"Oh, and don’t overlook my twofold coffee with sesame seed bagel. Toasted.† Sheila attempts to overwhelm herself in work at whatever point conceivable, which isn’t too hard considering she’s an extravagant legal advisor in New York winning over $350,000 every year. She settled on certain choices before in her life, which despite everything frequent her and she thinks about day by day whether she settled on the correct decision. Chit prattling of individual understudies and steady tapping on consoles encompasses the bustling café, joined with the sweet smell of coffee mixed with whipped cream. All Sheila could consider was the pink in addition to sign on the pregnancy test. Here she was a lesser at Princeton, probably the best school in the country, and she was confronting the greatest choice she’d ever make. Goodness the mortification she would look from her family and the mistake that she would cause them, all the more so to herself. It had been her fantasy since the time she hit middle school to turn into a costly attorney in New York. â€Å"Hey darling. I missed you,† he murmured softy in her ear. â€Å"What’s wrong? Did you get An on an exam,† he prodded. â€Å"I’m pregnant Keon,† she said in one fast breath. He tenderly took her in his arms and vowed to consistently be there at whatever point she need him. Sheila drove him away and quickly disclosed to him her choice without turning upward. â€Å"I’m getting a fetus removal at a neighborhood facility tomorrow,† she sneezed. â€Å"Don’t attempt to adjust my perspective. As s... Free Essays on Narrative Essay It’s July 1993. I’m 12 years of age. We are staring at the TV in the lounge. I hear a fowl twittering outside the window of the front room. I pull the drapery all the way open to see where the trill was coming from. I saw an infant feathered creature limping on the walkway, it probably dropped out of the tree, I contemplated internally. My impulses advised me to head outside and bring the winged animal inside before a feline gets to it and gobbles it up. I go to my sibling, who is simply sitting in the lounge area close to me, and hollered out to him, â€Å"There’s a fowl outside limping, lets acquire it the house until it shows signs of improvement and afterward we’ll let it go.† My sibling and I run to the entryway to get the flying creature. As we both got to the yard and ran down three painted red advances, the flying creature started to bounce towards a shrubbery on the house. Each time we drew nearer to the feathered creature the stronger the fowl started to peep. As the feathered creature arrived at the shrub it was much harder to get it on account of the considerable number of thistles standing out of bramble. At the point when I at long last got hold of the winged animal and started going after it. A noisy blast sound had gone of inside the area. It sounded a lot of like a firecracker that had gone off. I frightened from the sound and dropped the flying creature out of my hand. My sibling looked alarmed, said to me that the sound of that blast, seemed like gunfire. I revealed to him that it was only some firecracker down the road since it is practically Fourth of July. So we returned to attempting to snatch the feathered creature and barely cared abou t it. Blast, blast, blast! I alarmed again and this time I admired see what the commotion truly is. It ended up being a sound of a gunfire that was originating from the base of the road from an earthy colored, messy, spray painting condo. I see a man in dark pants and a dim T-shirt running up the slope with a weapon in his grasp. He is pointing the weapon up towards the slope at a lady who is running all through the road shouting for help. I investigated and I see the lady running towards my brothe... Free Essays on Narrative Essay Graduation should be an energizing time in a person’s life. Their loved ones are to assemble and celebrate in the upbeat event, particularly a school graduation. In any case, my brother’s graduation was somewhat strange. Picture immaculate is the means by which it was arranged, yet God chose to adjust this perfect end of the week to make it more fascinating. My sibling chose around five years back to leave our family and move to Sacramento to attend a university. More than two years after the fact it was the ideal opportunity for him to graduate and time for us to fly up to see it. Carrier tickets were purchased and inn reservations were made, we were all set. The morning of, my mom called the vehicle rental spot to ensure that a vehicle would be there, hanging tight for us. The woman on the telephone told my mother that she had us planned to show up at nine o’clock pm. This represented a gigantic issue thinking about that the graduation was a three. After my mother hung up the telephone she called the aircraft to check the flight. She discovered that when she requested an early morning flight the individual who helped us put us on a nine o’clock flight feeling that it was in the first part of the day, however he neglected to see the pm joined to the time. So off we went avoiding the vehicles of the morning heavy traffic to make it to the air terminal on schedule. My other sibling, Rob, was going to meet us there so we could all go together. My mom attempted and attempted to get a grip of him, however was fruitless. We showed up just to discover Rob sitting tight there for us all set, it was a gigantic help. So we loaded onto the plane foreseeing all the unwinding that could be cultivated on the 90 minutes trip to Sacramento. The ride was quieting and serene for about an hour until the commander went ahead the radio and declared overwhelming haze at the air terminal we were to show up at. After that point we flew around for around 20 to 30 minutes until we were coordinated back ho... Free Essays on Narrative Essay As I strolled down the foyer to the back, a solid loathsome scent got recognizable. I strolled further and the smell became more grounded. I nearly couldn’t take it; the smell bent my stomach nearly making me upchuck, yet I battled the inclination and progressed forward. As I strolled on that’s when I heard it, at first stifled and afterward more clear, it was cries and howls. It seemed like something was being tormented or killed so as to remove the last piece of torment from its casualty. I went ahead arriving at the finish of the entry; that’s when I at that point crossed the edge into the primary room just to have my heart torn from my chest and tossed to the floor. Everything I could see was a great many pens of mutts in a portion of the most exceedingly terrible conditions I have ever observed. As I wandered into the room the principal thing that leaped out at me were the pens, they were little, and had a few pooches in every one. The confines were developed of steel fencing on three sides and they were associated with an indistinguishable outside nook by means of an opening in a mutual square divider. I strolled on and saw that I was beginning to perspire. It was terribly sweltering and awkward in this room; I could just envision how the creatures felt lying on the floor close to the section that was allowing in the blasting inferno of the evening sun. As I progressed forward, I contemplated internally, â€Å"They don’t even treat detainees this badly.† Recoiling as I needed to pass all the confines I saw that not exclusively were the pens little, packed, and forlorn, they were additionally foul. The disturbing scent that had grasped my feeling of smell prior was that of pooch pee and dung. The bear solid floors of the pens were canvassed in dried canine pee that in the

Top 10 Application Tips #6 Transcripts COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Application Tips #6 â€" Transcripts COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is the sixth entry in our “Top 10? list to assist you with understanding the process of submitting your admission application to SIPA.   This entry is focused on advice regarding the submission of transcripts.   I have tried to break the entry into categories based on our process/requirements and common questions we receive. Official vs. Unofficial At SIPA we will accept unofficial transcripts for application review.   If an applicant is admitted to our program and chooses to attend, we will require official transcripts at a later time.   We feel that the submission of unofficial transcripts makes the process easier for applicants and allows us to process applications more quickly.   Therefore we prefer that you upload transcripts to our application site (by definition these will be unofficial because they will be coming directly from you and not directly from the school). No matter what, we do need the grading legend included.   The grading legend shows information about the grading system used and often includes other information related to abbreviations that are used on transcripts. You can find an example of what I mean by a grading legend by clicking here.   Most universities will include this automatically when you request a transcript, however please make sure to ask for it. What Transcripts Are Needed? Our general response is we need transcripts for all coursework completed since graduation from high school.   We do not need high school transcripts.   For those that received college credit for coursework completed in high school, this information is typically listed on the college/university transcript.   If there are no grades but only credits for your high school coursework, this is acceptable. Lets say for example that an applicant attended UCLA for two years and then transferred to Michigan and completed his/her degree.   We would need a transcript from both UCLA and Michigan not a single transcript from Michigan showing the courses that were transferred in. In this example, both schools have their own grading systems and codes, and we need to see the codes for each individual school. Grades, Grades, Grades The general rule regarding whether multiple transcripts completed toward a single degree are required is we need grades for all courses completed.   However, we do not need the grades translated or converted to American grades.   What is very important is that a grading legend or key be included when you submit your transcript(s). If your school used a 1-20 scale, that is fine, you do not need to convert into a 4.0 scale.   On a 20 point scale, Is 1 good?   Is 20 good?   We will not know unless the transcript legend is included.   Each year we receive transcripts from over 1,000 different colleges/universities and we want to look no further than your file for what we need.   Related to this . . . . Question: I completed a study abroad program while in college, do I need to request a separate transcript for the classes I completed abroad? The answer is, it depends.   Ultimately we need the grades received for all coursework completed.   So, if the grading system used at the study abroad school was different and there are no grades on your home school transcript, then the answer is Yes, we need the study abroad transcript. In this example, if we simply saw the title of the class and a number of credits on your home school transcript but no grade, it is not acceptable we would need a transcript from the study abroad school with the grades and legend explaining the grades. However, if you took classes abroad and the grades for these courses are reported on your home school transcript according the grading scale used by your home school, we would not need a separate transcript. Question:   Help!   I cannot get my transcript to upload, what should I do!? First, there are four places available on the site for uploading transcripts.   They are labeled as follows: Primary Bachelor Degree Additional Degree Further Degree Non-Degree Coursework/Continuing Education Each section will accept a file up to 1000kb(1mb) in size.   If you try to upload a file larger than 1mb to an individual section you will receive an error message. Referring back to the example above, let us say that you attended both UCLA and Michigan.   If you try to combine the two transcript files and they exceed 1mb, it is fine to upload two separate files.   If you received your degree from Michigan, upload that in the Primary Bachelor degree section and then upload the UCLA transcript under Additional Degree and put UCLA Coursework in the description box. If your primary degree file is from one school but exceeds 1mb in size, you can break it into two files and when you upload the second part in the Additional Degree section put Second Part of Transcript in the description box. In an extreme example, if one transcript is a total of 3mb you can break it into three files and upload in the first three categories (Primary, Additional, Further). As far as the scanning process is concerned, we offer advice on the application web site and I think it is well written so I will just repost it here.   If you are having trouble with file size, please consider the following: Scan a copy at the lowest dpi that still results in a legible document (we recommend to use under 200 dpi whenever possible). Scan in gray scale or black and white. Try making a photocopy first (experiment with different settings until you find one that results in the smallest file size) then scan the photocopy. Question:   I completed a few classes on my own since graduating from college, do I need to submit transcripts for these courses? Answer:   Yes, we need transcripts for all coursework completed since graduating from high school.   Lets say you took two classes at two different schools after graduating for college it would be fine to combine these transcripts into one file and upload the file to the Non-Degree Coursework/Continuing Education section.   Even if you took these classes Pass/Fail we still need the transcript. Advice Print and Review Before Submitting We will be printing the transcripts you upload and if you cannot read them when printed, we will not be able to read them either.   We highly recommend printing a copy of what you are uploading to the site before submitting your application.   If we print your application and cannot read your transcripts, there will be significant delays in processing your application. GPA Reporting We understand that not all grades are reported on a 4.0 scale.   If you were not graded on a 4.0 scale, in the Previous Education Section of the application, simply put 0.0 for your GPA.   This alerts us that your grades were not reported on a 4.0 scale. Question:   What if I am still in school and I have not completed my degree?   My coursework is in progress so what should I do? It is fine for applicants that are still in college to apply.   Simply request a transcript that reflects your most up-to-date grades.   If this means you do not have grades for the fall semester you are currently enrolled in, that is fine.     If we need more information, we will let you know. For example, if we do not see fall grades reported on your transcript, we may contact you and ask for the results.   We also may not feel the need to contact you.   There is no need for you to submit additional grade information after our deadline passes unless we specifically ask for it. Question:   What if I completed my degree and am taking a continuing education class but the grade will not be available until after the admissions deadline? First, please upload a   file showing your registration in the course in the Non-Degree Coursework/Continuing Education Section.   We do not need to see a grading legend, a simple screen shot from a course registration web site would suffice (many schools offer this however if not, ask the registrar to print a copy for you). We would also like to see this information in the second résumé.   You can enter the name of the class, where you are taking it, post the class description, and list it as In Progress. Question:   What if I plan on taking a class but it does not start until after the admission deadline passes? Please report such information in the second résumé.   For example, if you plan on taking a microeconomics class that starts in February, you can list the class and school you plan on taking the course at in your second résumé.   If there is a description for the class available on the web or via a catalog, please list the description as well. For details on the second résumé, see this entry.

Into the Wild an Analysis of Who Jack Londonwas to Chris...

â€Å"Jack London is King† this was carved in to a block of wood found at the bus where Chris McCandless’s body was found. Chris McCandless admired Jack London as a man and a writer. Chris went into the wild’s of Alaska to prove that he could live off the land, with no modern conveniences, and no human contact. Jack London wrote stories about men and animals experiences against the environment, and survival against hardships, which were written from his own life. His works included individualism and the study of the laws of nature. Chris wanted to explore his own individualism, who he was, and how he was to live the rest of his life. Jack London was a great writer. People who read and study his work become inspired. He is read around the†¦show more content†¦Chris McCandless went on this Alaskan journey because he wanted to be like Jack London. In many ways Chris was inspired by Jack London. Jack London was a Socialist, he was young and strong and could do any hard labor. Then one day he looked around and saw men and women all twisted out of shape from toil, hardship and accidents, just tossed aside like many old horses. Then he thought what would happen to him when his strength gave out. Chris believed that wealth was shameful, corrupting, inherently evil. He couldn’t understand how people could be allowed to go hungry. Chris spent many weekends talking with prostitutes and homeless people, buying them something to eat. Writers like Jack London inspired Chris to reject the material society that he lived in and seek a new life based on purity and truth. He wanted to find the spiritual and philosophical meaning of his own life. To do this Chris felt that the only way to achieve this was by going into the wilderness and abandoning human contact. Chris began his adventure by getting rid of his suburban identity, by changing his name to Alexander Supertramp. Then he headed into the wild with little more than the clothes on his back, because of some passages he read. Yet, when Jack London went to Alaska to pan for gold, he went with 2000 pounds of supplies and equipment. In one book Jack London describes a forest drenched in silence and solitude. His glorification of the desolation appeals to

The Stance Terry P. Husband - 2168 Words

The stance Terry P. Husband articulates in an (2012) article regards the commitments teachers and administrators must opt to improve the reading gap concern of African American males. It points out the reading differences; male learning differences, text selection, curriculum standards, disciplinary options expectations and learning styles utilized in the classrooms go against increasing reading achievement of African-American males in the classroom. The evidence in Husband’s study provided is supportive because it points out how gender differences affect the achievement of reading based on the standards, expectations, reading selections, disciplinary actions and learning styles that emphasize resistance towards African American males (Husband 2-3). The author inserted maps within the article displaying the neurological differences (Husband 5) boys have with more testosterone on the brain and are less likely to sit still in a class. â€Å"Husband proclaims boys have to be taught to participate in reading verses most girls naturally do not. boys tend to be drawn toward reading newspapers, how-to manuals, and other short informational texts more often than girls† (Husband 4).Boys perhaps would be better off learning through story telling based on the feeling of disempowering in reading circles (Husband 5). This investigation presented the classroom text included is not male preference and because it doesn’t r eflect their culture or life experiences males withdraw. Husband’sShow MoreRelatedThe Final Project : Being Black Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"normal† state is seen as negative or deviant. 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Personal Values and Ethical Standards Free Essays

Ethical codes determine a person’s outlook on right and wrong. It influences their interactions with people (Williams, 2011). Personal ethics and professional ethics may differ each influences the other, and sway the workplace environment (Williams, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Values and Ethical Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Companies want their corporate traditions to have a sense of ethical responsibility (Williams, 2011). Frequently, professional ethics covers the same principles of personal ethics, for example honesty, and fairness (Williams, 2011). These principles may also extend to company loyalty (Williams, 2011). Responsibilities Personal ethical responsibilities mainly include people closest to you, for example your family, friends or neighbors, requiring family responsibilities before job responsibilities (Williams, 2011). Professional ethical responsibilities are more diverse and wide-ranging for example, not discussing a patient’s history, and putting a person’s well being first (Williams, 2011). Professional ethics requires reporting any suspicious or harmful activity, for example if a teacher suspects a student is experiencing abuse or neglect (Williams, 2011). Codes for Personal Values As a human service professional, my values, and morals are set high. My peers and clients look up to my decisions. This is why I relate to of the National Association of Social Workers Ethical Codes, which are 1. 01 Commitment to Clients and 1. 02 Self Determination. Code 1. 01 states, a social workers’ main responsibility is promoting the well ­being of clients (NASW, 2008). Code 1. 02 states, social workers are to respect and promote the rights of clients to have self determination by assist clients in efforts to identify and explain goals (NASW, 2008). Ethical Dilemmas Influences Personal ethics mainly depend on a person’s life relationships, for example, what he or she learns from their parents, teachers, and religion (Williams, 2011). People are also influenced by the experiences from childhood dilemmas, for example lying, cheating, or violence (Williams, 2011). Professional ethics is founded on the principles of a profession (Williams, 2011). A person may be legally required to obey ethical principles, such as confidentiality, in the case of doctors or lawyers (Williams, 2011). ? ? Practice and Personal If a social worker suspects that a child is abused, it is their professional responsibility to make any determination about the matter for the protection of a child (NASW, 2011). This is an ethical dilemma that I will not have a problem reporting. I know that some people my hesitant because they feel they maybe tearing apart a family, but I know that I will be protecting a life. Child Abuse Each state has child abuse laws that vow the protection for a child who is abused, mistreated, or neglected. Although each state agrees the protection of a child, each state may handle the reports differently, or how the accused will be fined or jailed. For instance, an individual who lives in the state of Mississippi can remain anonymous when reporting a child abuse reports (MDHS, 2011), but in the state of Texas remaining anonymous is not encouraged (Texas Department of Family Services, 2011). Each state has established that an individual under the age of 18 is considered a child. Arizona’s law states that a child does not have to show any signs of injury when reporting a child abuse case, but this could be interpreted for of verbal abuse (About, 2011). In the state of Mississippi verbal abuse is a sign of abuse (MDHS, 2011). When a case is not reported in Texas it is a Class B Misdemeanor with a fine of $2000, and a possibility of 180 days in prison (ATPE, 2010). If a case is not reported in Mississippi, and the person is found guilty the fine is up to $5000, and the jail time could be up to one year (MDHS, 2011). Arizona and Georgia violation of child abuse laws is considered a misdemeanor if there is failure to report indication of child abuse (Child Abuse Law, 2011). The above states each have different aspects of what constitutes abuse, but all compare that any sign of bodily harm is a sign of child use. Practice and Conflict According to Code 1. 01, it is the responsibility of the Social Worker to promote the well being of their clients (NASW, 2011). Certain professions require people to be objective and impartial, which may conflict with a person’s ethics, such as compassion, and willingness. Individuals find separating their personal and professional ethics helps (Williams, 2011). Some opinions are very personal and may need to be set-aside to do my job (Williams, 2011). Handling spousal abuse is an area that will be personal that I may have a hard time separating out my personal and professional views and values. My problem is that you cannot help someone that does not want to be helped. Spouse Abuse Domestic violence and spousal abuse come in different forms. Whether it is physical, mental, or verbal abuse a person can be assaulted, stalked, sexually taken advantage of, or harassed. Each state has standards surrounding domestic violence and spousal abuse. Spousal abuse is a serious crime and needs to be addressed by law enforcement along with the courts, so victims are protected. Procedures help prompt an effective response to any domestic violence case. Chief Law enforcement officers are responsible for procedures used and are responsible to conform to standards (Supreme Court of New Jersey Attorney General of the State of New Jersey, 2008). Comparing New Jersey, Texas, Arizona, and Georgia each seem to have the laws toward domestic violence. One issue that the state of Arizona addresses differently from the other states was that Arizona has many laws to protect the victim’s service providers, such as testimonial privileges, evidentiary privileges, nondisclosure laws, confidentiality of communications. Statutory law, common law, Case Law, Regulation, outlines these. Ethical Standards and General Principles Professional ethics is the center of social work, and profession has an obligation to express basic values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011). The NASW Code of Ethics has set values, principles, and standards to guide social workers’ manner. The Code is appropriate to all social workers and social work students (NASW, 2011). The use of psychological tests in the courtroom 1. 07 Privacy and Confidentiality j) Social workers are required to protect the confidentiality of clients during legal proceedings to the full extent of the law (NASW, 2011). When a court of law orders social workers to disclose confidential information without a client’s consent the social worker should request that the court maintain the records, so they are unavailable for public inspection (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle Social workers pursue social change for vulnerable i ndividuals, and are focused on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice (NASW, 2011). Social workers attempt to guarantee access to needed information, services, resources, equality of opportunity, and meaningful participation in decision making for all people (NASW, 2011). The lie detector 1. 16 Termination of Services (b) Social workers need take reasonable steps to avoid abandoning their clients who still need of services (NASW, 2011). Social workers need to assist in making appropriate arrangements for continuation of services (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle? Social workers are continually attentive their profession’s mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011). Social workers proceed honestly and responsibly while promoting ethical practices within the organizations they are affiliated (NASW, 2011). Boundaries of competence 1. 04 Competence (a) Social workers provide services and represent themselves as competent within the boundaries of their education, training, license, certification, consultation received, supervised experience, or other relevant professional experience (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle Social workers elevate service to others above themselves (NASW, 2011). Social workers rely on their knowledge, values, and skills to help others in need; along with addressing social problems (NASW, 2011). Social workers are asked to volunteer their professional skills with no expectation of financial return (NASW, 2011). Integrity Ethical Principle Social workers are continually attentive their profession’s mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011). Social workers proceed honestly and responsibly while promoting ethical practices within the organizations they are affiliated (NASW, 2011). 1. 6 Conflicts of Interest (a) Social workers need be aware and avoid conflicts of interest that may interfere with the implement of professional judgment and impartial judgment (NASW, 2011). Social workers need to inform clients when a real or potential conflict of interest arises, so the take the logical steps to solve the issue in a manner that makes the clients’ interests first and protects clients’ interests to th e highest extent possible (NASW, 2011). In protecting a clients’ interests may require termination of services with a referral of the client (NASW, 2011). b) Social workers need not to take advantage of a professional relationship to further their personal, religious, political, or business interests (NASW, 2011). Sexual harassment Ethical Principle? Social workers need to treat every person with a caring and respectful attitude, which is mindful of individual differences, cultural, and ethnic diversity (NASW, 2011). Social workers should promote clients’ socially responsible through self determination (NASW, 2011). Social workers may seek to enhance a client’s ability and opportunity to change through addressing their needs (NASW, 2011). . 11 Sexual Harassment Social workers cannot sexually harass clients, which includes sexual advances, sexual solicitation, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature (NASW, 2011). Human differences 1. 15 Interruption of Services Social workers need to make a reasonable effort to ensure stability of services in the event that services are interrupted because of unavailability, relocation, illness, disability, or death (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle Social workers need to understand that relationships among people are an important opportunity for change (NASW, 2011). Social workers who engage people as partners are helping process (NASW, 2011). Social workers who seek to strengthen relationships among people are helping by promote, restore, maintain, and enhance the well ­being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations, and communities (NASW, 2011). The legal definition of insanity Ethical Principle Social workers who continually strive to increase their professional knowledge and skills are applying them in practice by contributing to the knowledge of the profession (NASW, 2011). 1. 14 Clients Who Lack Decision Making Capacity Social workers acting on the behalf of clients, who lack the capacity to make informed decisions, are helping by taking the reasonable steps to protection the interests and rights of those clients (NASW, 2011). Conclusion The ethical decision making process helps in instances which a social worker does not have simple answers available to solve complicated ethical issues (NASW, 2011). Social workers need to take into consideration all the values, principles, and standards relevant to any situation, in which ethical judgment are necessary (NASW, 2011). A social worker’s decisions and actions need to be reliable with the character, and the letter of the Code of Ethics (NASW, 2011). References Arizona Coalition Against Violence. (2003, August). Confidentiality For Domestic Violence Service Providers In Arizona Under Federal And State Law, from http://www. delapointe. net/diannepost/docs/confidentiality_manual. df Association of Texas Professional Educators. (2010). Child Abuse Reporting In Texas, from http://www. atpe. org/protection/YourStudentsAndParents/childabuse. asp Authority of the Supreme Court of New Jersey and the Attorney General of the State of New Jersey. (2008, October). State of New Jersey Domestic Violence Procedures Manual, from http://www. judiciary. state. nj. us/family/dvprcman. pdf Child Abuse Laws. (2011), from http://law. jrank. org/page s/11836/Child-Abuse. html Georgia Department of Human Services. (2011). Child Support Services, from http://ocse. dhr. georgia. gov/portal/site/DHS-OCSE/ Find Law. (2011). Georgia Child Abuse Laws, from http://law. findlaw. com/state-laws/child- abuse/georgia Mandatory Reporting Rules. (2009), from http://www. state. nj. us/ooie/helpful/mandatoryreportingdescript. html Mississippi Department of Human Services. (2011). Division of Family Children’s Services, from http://www. mdhs. state. ms. us/fcs_prot. html National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, from http://www. ocialworkers. org/pubs/code/code. asp State of Texas Office of Court Administration. (2011, September). The Texas Family Violence Bench Book, from http://www. courts. state. tx. us/pubs/Manuals/judges/DomesticViolenceBenchBook. pdf Williams, E. (2011, January 19). Personal vs. Professional Ethics, from http://www. ehow. com/info_7820090_personal-vs-professional-ethics. html Women’s Law. (2011, August 24). Georg ia Statutes, from http://www. womenslaw. org/statutes_detail. php? statute_id=1219#statute-top How to cite Personal Values and Ethical Standards, Papers

Fear In Different Genres By Mizov Essay Example For Students

Fear In Different Genres By Mizov Essay Fear in Different Genres By Michael J. Mizov Fear is defined as a conditionbetween anxiety and terror either natural and well-grounded or unreasoned andblind. Fear is one emotion that everyone dislikes, and it is as unavoidable asnight or day. Through the use of novels, plays, films, short stories, and poemsit becomes clear that fear is an emotion that the writer like to heighten notonly in the protagonist, but also in the reader. After reading great works bypeople such as George Orwell and Stephen King, it becomes clear that fear in themost uncontrollable emotion, quick to come, and long to last. The horror moviesof today may bring about a cheap scare, but to truly fear something is the sameas dying a thousand times over. All people have a worst fear, be it heights orducks, that an author or film maker can use to their advantage. Their goal is tomake the hairs on the back of ones neck raise, as well as have them lookingover their shoulder as the story progresses with more twists and turns than aroller coaster. Aforementioned, the main purpose of this research is to provethat fear is an emotion that is prevalent throughout all genres, regardless oftopic or plot, and through meticulous research of all genres, the fear presentedin all shall be revealed. The first genre to be discussed will be film. Afterviewing such classics as Last of the Mohicans, The Red Badge of Courage, andBartleby, it becomes clear that the film making industry is not at a loss forinstilling fear. There are films that make ones pulse quicken as the storybecomes more involved, or some that have one lying awake in bed at nightthinking of the frightening stuff they had just seen. The whole concept of fearin a film is not a prolonged fright, but a short lasting one, that may concludeafter the end, or in some cases, a few days afterwards. The first film that wasviewed was The Last of the Mohicans. It was a story that encompassed all theemotions, from love to fear. The first instance of fear was short-lived butstill present, it began as the opening credits finished, and three men arerunning through the forest at high speeds. The viewer begins to speculate as towhat they are running after, or more importantly, from. That instance of fearwas a letdown and also quickly forgotten, but the emotion was still presentnonetheless. A short ways into the film the viewer is introduced to an Indiannamed Magua, and through his speech and body movements it becomes noticeablethat he is concealing an ulterior motive, but the viewer can only wonder atwhat. Magua then acts as scout leading two women and a regiment of troopsthrough the woods it becomes clear that something is about to occur. As thesigns of impending action come ones pulse quickens and one may even leanforward in the seat in anticipation. The rising fear is rewarded as a group ofIndian braves attack them from the woods and then as the battle is happening onebegins to fear for the lives of the main characters that were only rece ntlyintroduced. In all predictability, they survive, but for a moment the viewer wasfearing the worst. As the group proceeds to the fort which is under attack fearis of course stirred to life. Not very strongly, but like a splinter in onesmind, it is always there. Through the film the fear for the lives of the maincharacters comes into play quite often as they are involved in manylife-threatening situations and whatnot but the real heart stopped comes at theend of the film. Magua has captured the two female characters and the Mohicansare racing up the mountain after him to save them. As they approach the peak,the Mohicans catch up, and a brutal fight ensues. Magua then fights one of theMohicans one to one, and the viewer begins to think, good always beats evil. .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf , .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .postImageUrl , .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf , .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf:hover , .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf:visited , .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf:active { border:0!important; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf:active , .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u146d5c77754b4fe000aee7d1013648cf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kino, a poor Indian fisherman Essay Although not in this case, as the Mohican plunges to his death off the side ofthe mountain, the viewer is in shock, than the viewer remembers that his newlove witnessed the whole thing. The horror is too much as she is taken over byfear of having to live without him, and she too hurdles to

The plans and analysis of non

Healthcare and Immigration

Healthcare and Immigration Final PaperLehi DickeyPUAD 6815 Running head: A MORAL DILEMMA: SHOULD HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC 1 EDUCATION BE GRANTED TO ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS? A MORAL DILEMMA: SHOULD HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC EDUCATION BE GRANTED TO ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS? PAGE 11Final PaperLehi DickeyPUAD 6815March 21, 2013Professor Frank ScottIllegal immigration has been a complicated issue for the United States for the last century and a half. How to best correct America's immigration debacle is definitely a moral dilemma for many people. With the days of Ellis Island steamboats and open-door policies behind us, we are struggling to define the rights of those people who are coming to our country illegally. A multitude of issues arise from this situation: should illegal immigrants be able to work? Should they receive health care? Should they be educated in the public school system? Should they receive welfare benefits such as food stamps and unemployment checks? These, and many more questions are perplexing our government and its constituents.What is the moral and or ethical thing to do? Ethics is a way of being rather than adherence to rules or precepts, or making a string of decisions, but rather refusing to accept whole cloth (Stivers, 2008, p.147). Morality is both subjective and objective, it just depends on what state' it is in from its genesis to its internalization.Morality is subjectively created, then externalized and made communicable, tangible, and therefore objective, and then internalized from the objective state making it subjective as it's held in the mind of the individual. I have chosen to focus my ethical issue analysis on the following public issues: health care and education. The key to being a successful public administrator is to have a balance and control of one's objective and subjective responsibilities. A key question that public administrators must...

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International business - Essay Example Within this block are countries like Brazil, Russia, India and China, which have distinguished themselves as some of the promising and alternative markets to the developed economies (O’Neill, 2001). Emerging markets are characterized by a growing fraction of middle-income consumers, demand for goods, services, technological advancements, and discoveries. However, entry into such markets cannot be an overnight decision, as it requires planning, strategic understanding of the market dynamics and cultural differences. Issues related with intellectual property rights, taxation, employee salary packages and other market jurisdiction factors must be considered before initiating entry into the business. Brazil has distinguished itself as a major member within the BRICs block with its dynamic and promising market structure and dynamics. The country has a strong currency against other international currencies like the dollar, aptly controls its inflation rate and has an expanding middl e class population. With a steadily increasing population and a stabilized GDP, Brazil is an economy worth considering among the BRICs members. In this report, an advisory description of the Brazilian market and economy will be provided for a company that is seeking entry into the market (Cui, 2005). The factors to consider and the key areas to develop before entry into the market will be described in detail, providing an understanding of this market structure as compared to a developed economy like the United Kingdom. A Danish owned production company seeks to establish an autonomous production subsidiary unit in this country and this paper will highlight how the company can establish a strong company despite the market challenges. Brazil has cut a niche for itself among the emerging economies and as a member of the BRIC economies by developing into a country with greater purchasing power. However, as present in all emerging economies, entry into the Brazilian market is never smoot h sailing and foreign organizations must develop proper strategies to succeed. A number of issues exist in this market and economy that every new entrant must encounter and address to succeed. The government regulatory measures and programs however make new entrants into this market undergo tough challenges including high taxation and bureaucratic setting (Teixeria & Grande, 2011). Factors to consider before entry Danish business environment differs significantly from the Brazilian economy in terms of tax regimes, bureaucratic procedures and other government related factors. As such, a multinational with operations in a different country must be in a position to evaluate both the internal and external factors, which may affect the successful operation of the business. A poor understanding or underestimation of these factors has contributed to the failure of a number of multinationals across the world. A number of internal and external factors exist that are specific to Brazil as an emerging economy. In evaluating the external factors that may affect the success of Danish based multinational

Nonprofit Sector Assignment 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nonprofit Sector Assignment 2 - Coursework Example The theories that will help understand the nonprofit sector include Lohmann (1989) theory of commons, which categorizes goods into three groups namely; public goods, private goods and common goods, entrepreneurship theory, trust-related theories, the interdependence theory and the stakeholder theory. The nonprofit organizations chosen for illustration in this paper include American Heart Association, Salvation Army and the American Red Cross. Due to different multitudes of different organizational components in nonprofit management literature, management concepts suggested by Gomez and Zimmermann (1993) provides a practical step towards the growth of management models that are more in tune with the realities of nonprofit organizations. There are different approaches applied in this field, including the public goods theory. As put by Weibrod’s theory of public goods, public goods theory is an extension of the public choice theories, whereby a collective action is taken by affected individuals to resolve public good problems. This theory states that public goods, which would have been otherwise provided by the government are provided by nonprofit organization through a donor. Services provided by the American Heart Association is a good example of an organization that help fill the gap, if need be. In other words, nonprofit provision is substituted for government provision under conditions of demand heterogeneity fo r the public good in question. Hansmann (1987) points out that the critical weakness in Weisbrod’s theory is that it does not explain why nonprofit and not for profit firms come up to fill unfulfilled demand for public goods, especially when applying to quasi-public goods. Hansmann’s trust-related theory picks up this point precisely. Trust-related theories take a different angle by pointing out information problems inbuilt in the goods and services provided and the

Importance of Customer Service in Hospitality

Importance of Customer Service in Hospitality Exceptional Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry: It’s Role in Good and Bad Times Abstract Customer satisfaction is widely acknowledged to be causal in driving repeat and new business of hospitality enterprises and is considered to be integral to their success. With the delivery of service quality being vital to customer satisfaction, hospitality enterprises make great efforts to maintain, improve and distinguish their service quality through the adoption of corporate strategies and operational policies and procedures. Recent years have seen enormous expansion in the hospitality industry and the introduction of sophisticated technology, not just in areas of computerisation and Internet, but also through the use of various applications that aim to increase the comfort, convenience and safety of guests. With competition in the industry having become intense and advances in technology having become available across the spectrum of hospitality organisations, delivery of exceptional service quality is considered crucial for achievement of competitive advantage. Again whilst the last two decades have been a period of growth for the industry, current global developments, namely the astonishing increase in prices of oil, worldwide inflation in food and commodity prices, the banking crisis, the credit squeeze, and the impending recession in the United States indicate the onset of very difficult times for the hospitality business. The spectre of lower occupancy, lesser rates, and higher costs stares the industry in its face and the prospect of an industry shakeout, accompanied by the closure of inefficient units and the survival of the fittest is imminent. Whilst such situations could possibly entail cost cutting exercises by industry members, along with reduction in services offered to guests, providing of exceptional service quality may well be vital to maintenance and improvement of competitive advantage and be the key to riding out difficult times. This dissertation investigates the phenomenon of customer service, its importance in the success of hospitality organisations, and its role during periods of economic downturn. Table of Contents Introduction A. Overview Achievement of customer satisfaction is widely accepted by business leaders and academics to be the most significant criterion for shaping the quality of products or services that are deliverable to customers, both through the actual product or service, and the corresponding service.[1] With the intensely competitive nature of the modern customer-centric business environment ensuring the elimination of businesses that dissatisfy their clients with their products/services, customer satisfaction is vital not just for corporate growth, and profitability, but for the very survival of today’s corporations.[2] Customer satisfaction, which is greatly dependent upon the quality of the customer service provided, is recognised to be critical to business success, primarily because of its role in driving future sales from both new and existing customers. Numerous studies have corroborated the theory that it costs five times the amount of time, money, and resources to attract new customers as it does to retain existing clients.[3] Losing existing clients very clearly is among the worst things that can happen to business firms. Customer satisfaction is also accepted to be one of the cheapest and most effective ways of promoting goods and services; with no form of advertising being as effective as word-of-mouth publicity and actual customer endorsements. Satisfaction strengthens affirmative feelings toward the product or service and leads to a superior probability of repurchase; dissatisfaction on the other hand leads to downbeat perceptions and reduces the probability of repeat purchases.[4] â€Å"Or as others put it: if consumers are satisfied with a product or brand, they will be more likely to continue to purchase and use it and to tell others of their favourable experience with it if they are dissatisfied, they will be more likely to switch brands and complain to manufacturers, retailers, and other consumers about the product.†[5] Achieving high levels of customer satisfaction poses intense business challenges because of the ambiguity embedded in the concept as well as because of its abstract nature. With the actual manifestation of the level of satisfaction varying both between individuals, and between products and services, satisfaction levels depend upon a range psychological and physical variables that evidence positive correlation with behaviours indicative of satisfaction, like repeat purchase and recommendation rate.[6] Such levels of satisfaction can also depend on other options available to customers and on the qualities of other products or services against which the organisation’s products or services can be compared.[7] Despite the very broad range of parameters involved in its assessment and determination, customer satisfaction is overly dependent upon, related to, and driven by customer service. â€Å"Substantial empirical and theoretical evidence in the literature suggests that there is a direct link between service quality and behavioural intentions (Bitner, 1990; Bolton and Drew, 1991a). Among the various behavioural intentions, considerable emphasis has been placed on the impact of service quality in determining repeat purchase and customer loyalty (Jones and Farquhar, 2003). As pointed out by Bolton (1998), service quality influences a customer’s subsequent behaviour, intentions and preferences. When a customer chooses a provider that provides service quality that meets or exceeds his or her expectations, he or she is more likely to choose the same provider again. Besides, Cronin and Taylor (1994)† also found that service quality has a significant effect on repurchase intentions. [8] The delivery of quality service is expected to be a major challenge that is likely to confront hospitality managers in the immediate future and will be vital for achieving success in the intensely competitive modern day global markets.[9] Hospitality service experiences are overly complex because they range from the exceedingly trivial to the extremely vital.[10] They differ to a great extent in their character and may be straightforward or multifaceted, standard or bespoke, low or high technology, distant or responsive, little or highly skilled, or recurrent or infrequent.[11] They can furthermore concern the execution of obligatory utilitarian actions or can involve grand and highly-strung hospitality events.Hospitality encounters, as distinct from material products or pure services, consist of a fusion of products and services, and satisfaction, (in such situations), represents the sum total of satisfactions with the individual traits of all the products and services that make up the experience.[12] B. Elaboration of Problem The last few decades have witnessed enormous growth in the hospitality industry. Driven by a range of technological, social, economic, and political developments like the tremendous advances achieved in communication technology, the ever-increasing use of the internet, the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the formation of the European Union, the crumbling of travel barriers, economic liberalisation across countries, the proliferation of budget airlines, cheaper travel, and the opening of numerous new travel and tourism destinations, the hospitality industry has expanded like never before and that too across the world. New hotels, new restaurants, new resorts and new spas have mushroomed in near and distant locations to provide people with numerous hospitality options. Whilst the industry has been buffeted by events like the September 11 bombings, the London Tube explosions, and the SARS and Bird Flu epidemics, the steadily increasing economic affluence in the western countries, as also in the countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim, in the last two decades, has ensured that such setbacks were overcome and the hospitality sector remained vibrant and prosperous. Such a period of inexhaustible growth now appears to be coming to an end. With oil prices having neared USD 140 per barrel and currently hovering at around USD 125, the days of cheap air travel appear to be irrevocably over. Whilst local and international airlines had started ringing alarm bells when the price of oil crossed USD 70 per barrel last year, the events of the last few months have shaken up the whole airline and travel and tourism industry, cast doubts on the survival of several airlines, and led to the cancellation of thousands of airline bookings and hotel reservations. Apart from the price of oil, the disastrous denouement to the risky home mortgage policies adopted by major international banks, followed by thousands of home loan bankruptcies, billions of dollars in banking industry losses and a credit squeeze on business and personal lending have also contributed to the onset of a recession in the USA. The deepening recession in the United States, the biggest global consumer of goods and services, accompanied by cut downs in jobs and mortgage bankruptcies, is bringing in a global economic downturn that is expected to bring extremely difficult times for the hospitality industry, not just in the United States but also in the UK and in other countries. â€Å"More than one in three hospitality businesses in the UK are feeling less confident about economic prospects over the next 12 months than they do now, according to research launched by American Express. The survey also found that overall confidence has decreased in the last 12 months, with only 29% feeling more confident about the economic environment, down from 38% in 2007. Among hoteliers the number feeling confident has dropped to 34% from 41% a year ago. In comparison for restaurateurs the figure is only 24%, a fall of 10%. For pubs the picture is similar with only 20% stating that they feel more confident about the economic prospects facing their businesses over the next year than they do today.†[13] Whilst the probability of a shakeout in the industry seems to be imminent many veterans in the business appear confident of riding it out on the strength of enhanced customer service and total customer experience. â€Å"Kathryn Pretzel-Shiels, Head of Hotels and Restaurants at American Express explains: ‘Like any other the hospitality sector is not immune to prevailing economic conditions, so it comes as no surprise that Britains hospitality industry feels more circumspect about business prospects than it did last year. The economy is forcing the agenda to a certain extent but the industry is fighting back. There are still opportunities to make money by providing a quality product and memorable service, as consumers are still willing to dine out and are doing it more than ever before.’†[14] A hotel chain like the Ritz Carlton, (the winner of two Baldridge quality awards and a byword in the area of service quality), which has weathered several economic downturns and has yet grown from strength to strength over the years, provides an outstanding example of the importance of exceptional service quality. â€Å"The Ritz-Carlton is well-known for providing consistent service throughout all of its properties. The company began its commitment to quality in 1983 with such simple touches as fresh flowers throughout its hotels, white ties and aprons, and gourmet cuisine. It also established its Gold Standards for customer service—which include its credo, motto, employee promise, three steps of service, and the 12 service values—leading the company to repeatedly outperform its competition, increase customer loyalty (the average guest spends $250,000 at a Ritz over his lifetime), and win the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award twice†[15] Whilst the Ritz Carlton is of course the most well known example of a customer-centric and service quality oriented organisation in the hospitality industry, a number of other establishments like the Four Seasons, the Mandarin Oriental, The Marriott and the Red Carnation provide brilliant examples of how focus on exceptional customer service can increase the competitive advantage of organisations and ensure performance, business and profitability during the worst of times. On the flip side, whilst most business managers are aware of the need to maintain if not improve quality during economic downturns, the actual picture on the ground becomes significantly different in many establishments; where quality programmes are cut down or even abandoned; very often at the cost of quality. â€Å"When economic troubles loom, weve found the usual knee-jerk reaction is to sacrifice programs associated with quality and the customer experience training, quality assurance and mystery shopping programs, guest research, etc.†[16] C. Determination of Objective With the price of oil showing no sign of rebating to previously unimaginable levels of 80-90 US dollars per barrel and the global economy caught in a cleft stick; of severe inflation in prices of food as well as commodities like steel and cement on one side and an impending and long-lasting recession in the United States on the other, all indications point to difficult economic times and squeezes on travelling, holidays, discretionary spending, hotel accommodation and restaurant visits. One of the most important routes to achieving competitive advantage in such difficult and worrying situations is through enhancement of customer service quality to superior levels and improvement of hospitality experiences of customers, not only when compared to previous experiences in the same establishment, but also in comparison with that available elsewhere. Whilst the truth behind this theory is widely accepted and beyond doubt, embattled organisations, challenged by dropping revenue figures, higher costs and lesser margins, frequently adopt the opposite route, taking action to reduce and even abandon quality improvement programmes and actions in order to effect organisational economies and cost savings. This study aims to examine the components of customer service with special emphasis on the hospitality industry and the ways and means in which it can be enhanced in times of economic downturn to increase the competitive advantage of organisations. 2. Literature Review A. Service Quality The key objective of organisational and marketing strategies of business firms in today’s intensely competitive and fast changing business environment is to make profits and further organisational growth. Customer satisfaction, quality and retention have become global management imperatives that are important for all organisations. With the maturing of different industry sectors high quality service has increasingly become an important tool in business success. The hospitality industry and its various components, mainly different types of hotels and restaurants, are certainly not exempt from the challenges of increased competition or rising consumer expectations of quality. Researchers have defined service quality in different ways â€Å"There are many researchers who have defined service quality in different ways. For instance, Bitner, Booms and Mohr define service quality as ‘the consumer’s overall impression of the relative inferiority / superiority of the organisation and its services’. While other researchers view service quality as a form of attitude representing a long-run overall evaluation, Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry defined service quality as ‘a function of the differences between expectation and performance along the quality dimensions’. This has appeared to be consistent with Roest and Pieters’ definition that service quality is a relativistic and cognitive discrepancy between experience-based norms and performances concerning service benefits.†[17] Other researchers have conceptualised customer satisfaction as â€Å"an individual’s feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a product’s perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectations.†[18] Conceptualisations of satisfaction are of two main types, i.e. transaction-specific satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction, transaction specific satisfaction being the customer’s evaluation of his or her experience and reactions to a particular service encounter and cumulative satisfaction being the customer’s overall evaluation of the consumption experience to date [19] The satisfaction level of a service encounter arises from differences between the expectations of customers and the actual experience from the provided services, the perceptions of service encounters being vital factors in creating long-term loyalty, customer satisfaction and quality awareness.[20] Whilst the Nordic conceptualisation of service quality was developed in the mid 1980s by Gronroos and emphasised the role of technical and functional quality on service encounters, Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry developed a new model of service quality, called the SERVQUAL model in 1988.[21] The SERVQUAL model has five dimensions, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, assurances, and tangibles, which together form a basis to measure, quantify, and assess the service experience and to determine the ways in which the viewed and expected service would influence the perceived service quality. Reliability is the ability to perform the promised services dependably and accurately. Responsiveness is the willingness to help customers and provide prompt service. Assurance is the knowledge and courtesy of employees as well as their ability to convey trust and confidence. Empathy is the provision of caring, individualised attention to customers. Tangibles are the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel and communication materials.[22] The SERVQUAL model views service quality to be the gap between the expectations of customers (E) and their perceptions of the performance (P) of the service providers. â€Å"According to Parasuraman et al. (1985), service quality should be measured by subtracting customers perception scores from customer expectation scores (Q = P  ± E). The greater the positive score represents the greater the positive amount of service quality or vice versa.†[23] Whilst the model has been the subject of criticism, mainly because of its inadequacy in quantifying and thus in measuring expectations of service from customers, it has nevertheless been used as the basis for investigation by other researchers who have developed modified versions of the model. Despite the essentially theoretical nature of the models discussed above most quality conscious organisations take actions across a wide front of organisational activities to follow their underlying principles and take actions for minimisation of negative customer perceptions and strengthening of positive hospitality experiences. â€Å"Companies that achieve high levels of customer satisfaction display a zeal for superior service from the very top of the organization chart. This dedication constitutes the foundation of customer-centricity. Without the values and culture that leaders inspire, none of the other principles can be effective for long. Customer-centric values and culture inform the hiring process and animate the systems of training and rewards. Instilling values of this sort may be the ultimate test of leadership. Leaders of customer-centric companies clearly articulate what kind of organisational culture they want and consistently sell employeeson its key principles, leaving no doubt about the significance that members of senior management attach to customer-centricity. More important than communications, however, is the leaders’ willingness to take action when the primacy of high-quality service is challenged.[24] B. Routes to Achievement of Exceptional Service Quality The relationship between quality of service and successful hospitality establishments is frequently noticed but rarely recognised as a causal relationship. Reppa and Hersh (2007) report that interviews with 40 executives of truly successful companies operating in intensely competitive environments during a study by Booz Allen suggest that these organisations are distinguished by superb levels of service, which very often are viewed not just as being integral to the organisations but also as their important differentiators. Most such companies consciously route their organisations towards customer-centric behaviour and constant enhancement of service quality. Companies known for high levels of customer satisfaction exhibit an enthusiasm for providing better service from the very summit of the organisation.[25] This commitment makes up the basis of customer-centricity. Corporate strategies that are exclusive of the principles and mores of their leaders cannot really be effectual for long. Customer-centric values and traditions drive the recruitment processes of such companies, provide vitality to training, motivation and reward systems; experts state that building value systems of this type can well prove to be the definitive criterion of leadership. Leaders of such businesses are eloquent about their requirements of organisational culture and leave no doubt about the importance they attach to service quality.[26] Whilst most organisations by and large follow their own strategies for achieving of exceptional service quality, certain principles, policies, and strategies are important for the continued success of all hospitality organisations. i. Human Resource Policies Whilst strong HR policies are accepted to be utmost importance for achievement of high levels of service quality, especially so in the hospitality industry where interaction between organisational employees and guests occur at various points, actual HR practices leave much to be desired in many establishments, and much of the hospitality industry, especially in the middle level and economy level hotels and restaurant segments, is characterised by low wages, part-time workers and high turnover.[27] This is especially true of the London budget hotel and restaurant segment, which is peopled by workers from East Europe and Asia, many of whom are paid low wages, have essentially temporary jobs, and are weak in communicating in English. Staff turnover in many hospitality establishments is often as high as 100 %.[28] Hotels Chains like the Marriott, the Four Seasons, and the Ritz Carlton, on the other hand, are obsessed with issues concerning employee selection, training, remuneration, and retention, believing and very rightly so, that the quality of service is predominantly dependent upon employee calibre. [29]Such organisations populate their establishments with superior staff who are specifically chosen for their natural predispositions for caring for people. The Marriott recruitment philosophy of â€Å"get (ting) it right, first time† conceals a complex and well thought out strategy of recruiting people with great care in order to provide for near perfect fits. Again most such establishments pay as much attention to training, motivating and developing employees as they do to selecting and recruiting them.[30] â€Å"Ritz-Carlton uses a process that may set the standard for methodical rigor. It evaluates each applicant using scientific, behaviour-based assessment tools developed by the human resources consulting firm Talent+, tools derived from statistical analysis of top performers’ behavioural characteristics in each job category. Potential hires are tested both for cultural fit and for traits associated with customer service excellence, including what Ritz calls an innate ‘passion to serve.’ Says John Timmerman, vice president for quality and program management: ‘The smile has to come naturally.’† [31] The interview process furthermore requires candidates to spend time with hotel staff whilst they operate on their regular functions, giving prospective employees a practical picture of the rigours and responsibilities involved in the job and the opportunity to withdraw in case of any apprehensions or misgivings. With in-house company research indicating that wrongly recruited employees could cost the organisation many times their annual salary, the Ritz tries out initiatives like these to minimise attrition. The company’s staff turnover, which is less than 15 % of the industry average, adds, both to stability and to profitability. [32] ii. Essential Areas of Focus Whilst service quality is integral to customer satisfaction, its delivery, in the hospitality industry and elsewhere, is essentially multifaceted and subjective, and thus far more challenging than product quality. The issue has become more complex because of the fact that whilst hospitality clients have until now been satisfied with basic and fundamentally simple products and services, the technological advances of recent years have introduced new dimensions of comfort and convenience that have come to be regarded as part of high quality service.[33] Despite a plethora of innovative products, services and technologies now available in hotels, people still share a basic set of requirements critical to their experience. The top five factors that drive loyalty across all industry segments are (a) value for price, (b) room cleanliness, (c) employees â€Å"can do† attitude, (d) friendliness of the front desk staff, and (e) comfortable bed and furniture. [34] These factors play key roles in the provisioning of service quality and all successful hotels are fanatical about issues like guest comfort, cleanliness, and housekeeping. At the Mandarin Oriental, which won the highest ranking for Housekeeping in the Market Metrix Hospitality Index ranking for 2006, Barsky and Nash state that customers expressed their appreciation on various facets of housekeeping services like twice a day turndown of sheets and carefully chosen flowers. iii. Technological Advances and Service Quality Recent times have seen incredible progress in technical knowledge, expertise, and know-how, and their use in across almost all areas of human action. Hardware technology, software development and the expansion of the World Wide Web have provided new facets to the hospitality sector. Technological development has led to improvement in efficiencies, reduction of expenses, heightening of customer satisfaction, expansion of revenues, and increase in competitive advantage of members of the hospitality industry. The emergence and the progressive adoption of the Internet by millions of individuals across the world has opened up new dimensions in human connectivity and influenced the actions of all business sectors. â€Å"The Internet, as a collection of interconnected computer networks, provides free exchanging of information. Over 400 millions of computers on more

Attendance monitoring system Essay

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this report embodies the original work done by Saurebh Kumar Jain, Uma Joshi and Bhupesh Kumar Sharma during this project submission as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the System Design Project of Masters of Computer Application IV Semester, of the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. Attendance Management System Introduction:Attendance Management System is a software developed for daily student attendance in schools, collages and institutes. If facilitates to access the attendance information of a particular student in a particular class. The information is sorted by the operators, which will be provided by the teacher for a particular class. This system will also help in evaluating attendance eligibility criteria of a student. Purpose:The purpose of developing attendance management system is to computerized the tradition way of taking attendance. Another purpose for developing this software is to generate the report automatically at the end of the session or in the between of the session Scope: The scope of the project is the system on which the software is installed, i.e. the project is developed as a desktop application, and it will work for a particular institute. But later on the project can be modified to operate it online. 6 Attendance Management System Technology Used:Language:-VB.NET Backend:-MS-Access System Requirement:Minimum RAM:-256 MB Hard Disk:-40 GB Processor:-Intel Pentium 4 Operating System:-Windows XP Service Pack2 Overview:Attendance Management System basically has two main modules for proper functioning †¢ First module is admin which has right for creating space for new batch. Any entry of new faculty, Updation in †¢ Second module is handled by the user which can be a attendance, generating report. Attendance can be taken in two ways: †¢ On the basis of Subject and month. 7 Attendance Management System †¢ On the basis of Class. 8 Attendance Management System Economically Feasibility: The system being developed is economic with respect to School or Collage’s point of view. It is cost effective in the sense that has eliminated the paper work completely. The system is also time effective because the calculations are automated which are made at the end of the month or as per the user requirement. The result obtained contains minimum errors and are highly accurate as the data is required. Technical feasibility: The technical requirement for the system is economic and it does not use any other additional Hardware and software. Behavioral Feasibility: The system working is quite easy to use and learn due to its simple but attractive interface. User requires no special training for operating the system. Attendance Management System Working Of Present System In the present system all work is done on paper. The whole session attendance is stored in register and at the and of the session the reports are generated. We are not interested in generating report in the middle of the session or as per the requirement because it takes more time in calculation. At the end of session the students who don’t have 75% attendance get a notice. DISADVANTAGES OF PRESENT WORKING SYSTEM †¢ Not User Friendly: The existing system is not user friendly because the retrieval of data is very slow and data is not maintained efficiently. †¢ Difficulty in report generating: We require more calculations to generate the report so it is generated at the end of the session. And the student not get a single chance to improve their attendance †¢ Manual control: All calculations to generate report is done manually so there is greater chance of errors. †¢ Lots of paperwork: Existing system requires lot of paper work. Loss of even a single register/record led to difficult situation because all the papers are needed to generate the reports. †¢ Time consuming: Every work is done manually so we cannot generate report in the middle of the session or as per the requirement because it is very time consuming. 10 Attendance Management System CHAREACTERSTIC OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM †¢ User Friendly:- The proposed system is user friendlybecause the retrieval and storing of data is fast and data is maintained efficiently. Moreover the graphical user interface is provided in the proposed system, which provides user to deal with the system very easily. †¢ Reports are easily generated: reports can be easily generated in the proposed system so user can generate the report as per the requirement (monthly) or in the middle of the session. User can give the notice to the students so he/she become regular. †¢ Very less paper work: The proposed system requires very less paper work. All the data is feted into the computer immediately and reports can be generated through computers. Moreover work become very easy because there is no need to keep data on papers. †¢ Computer operator control: Computer operator control will be there so no chance of errors. Moreover storing and retrieving of information is easy. So work can be done speedily and in time. Attendance Management System 1. Login Form This login Form is made For Security purpose. So only Authenticated User only Access in to the Project. There are two Type of persons can enter in the project 1. Administrator 2. User 22 Attendance Management System 2. Add Information Form This form is showed when authorized administrator enters his correct User Name and Password. This Form gives the option to fill the name of Students and the name of Teacher if a new faculty has joined. 23 Attendance Management System 3. Student Information Form This form enables the Administrator to fill the name of Students and there Semester where the Student Id will change automatically when a Student is saved in the Database. And course Will Be remain same because this System is made for MCA Students. 24 Attendance Management System 4. Teacher Information Form This Form is made for Administrator to fill up the name of teachers when teacher Id is changed automatically. If a new teacher joined the collage its name also is included in the System 25 Attendance Management System 5. User Form This form is opened when user fill up his correct User Name and Password and User Type Is user. The is form enables the user to fill up attendance of every student and see whish student is short listed and what is the total attendance of each individual attendance in a particular Subject and in a particular month 26 Attendance Management System 6. Semester Form This form facilitates the user to choose a semester in which attendance is to be filled. In this system we are using the Fourth Semester so when the user clicks on Semester4 the list of Semester 4 students is come. 27 Attendance Management System 7. Attendance Form This Form is used to choose subjects and the month for which attendance is to be filled up and show a list of students. When a User click to corresponding Check box and click on save the students will be stated present and their attendance is added. 28 Attendance Management System 8. Report Form 8.1. Short List Form This form shows the list of Short listed students. We can see this list according to Subject wise and month wise. When user click on view, then list is shown accordingly. 29 Attendance Management System 8.2. Attendance Status Form This form shows the status of the students or we can say number of classes attended in a particular subject in a particular month. When user click on the ‘View Status’ button of short list form then this form will appear with the status. 30 Attendance Management System Conclusion The Attendance Management System is developed using Visual Basic.NET fully meets the objectives of the system which it has been developed. The system has reached a steady state where all bugs have been eliminated. The system is operated at a high level of efficiency and all the teachers and user associated with the system understands its advantage. The system solves the problem. It was intended to solve as requirement specification. 31 Attendance Management System Bibliography 1. The complete Reference Visual Basic.NET 2. Beginning VB.NET (Wrox Publication) 3. System Analysis and Design – Alias M. Awad 4. Software Engineering – Roger Pressman Websites 1. www.microsoft.com 2. www.w3schools.com 3. www.dotnetspider.com 32 Attendance Management System Future Scope Attendance Management System has many   

Pharmacophore development for identification of anti-lung cancer drugs Essay

Lung cancer is one particular type of cancer that is more deadly and common than any other. Lung cancer is treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery depending on the type of lung cancer and the stage of the disease. Focusing on the drugs used for chemotherapy and their associated side effects, there is a need to design and develop new anti-lung cancer drugs with lesser side effects and improved efficacy. Pharmacophore model proves to be a very helpful tool serving in the designing and development of new lead compounds. In this paper, pharmacophore of 10 novel anti-lung cancer compounds has been identified and validated for the first time. Using LigandScout the pharmacophore features were predicted and 3D pharmacophore have been extracted via VMD software. A training set data was collected from literature and the proposed model was applied to the training set whereby validating and verifying their similar activity as that of the most active compounds. Therefore they could be recommended for further studies. Key words: Pharmacophore, anti-lung cancer drugs, Computer aided drug designing, LigandScout, VMD INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is known to have a high fatality rate among males and females and takes more lives each year as compared to colon, prostate, ovarian and breast cancers (1).Lung cancer is classified into two main types namely Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) of which NSCLC accounts for about 80% cases and SCLC accounts for 10-15% among all other types of lung cancers (2). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a worldwide leading cause of death (3). The surgical resections are not applicable when first diagnosed as NSCLC is usually in an advanced stage. The patient may have a possibility of prolonging survival with chemotherapy (4). Chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC is often considered excessively toxic. However, meta-analyses have demonstrated that as compared with supportive care, chemotherapy results in a small improvement in survival in patients with advanced NSCLC (5). *Corresponding author. Email:drhamid@jinnah.edu.pk Abbreviations: HBA, hydrogen-bond acceptor, HBD, hydrogen-bond donor, NSCLC, Non-small cell lung cancer, SCLC, Small Cell Lung Cancer, EGFR Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Drugs developed for cancer are single agents although for the maximum advantage they need to be used in recipe with other drugs or therapeutic agents. Initial candidate chemicals or â€Å"leads†, are often recognized and tested for single agents that change cancer-cell proliferation or prolong survival. This led to the identification of most of the clinically active cancer drugs used today. Specific leads then must be further optimized and assessed to characterize their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and evident toxic effects. Clinical evaluation is performed by trails in humans to identify a maximum tolerated dose, define severe toxic effects, and estimate bioactivity. These trails are time consuming and expensive (6). Pharmacophore is the initial step towards understanding the interaction between a receptor and a ligand. Pharmacophore was often postulated as the â€Å"essence† of the structure-activity knowledge they had gained(7).Today’s researcher task is to interpret the binding of anatomically varied molecules at a common receptor site. To generate common feature pharmacophore from the set of compounds active for certain receptor, the characteristics necessary for binding receptor in a generalized way(8). The understanding of the common properties of binding group is vital for the determination of the type of inhibitor binding the target. Pharmacophore model is very convenient for attaining this goal. Surface of the cell are the regions where the ligand-receptor and receptor-receptor interaction occur. The process undergo Sequential levels of activity starts initially  from the cell surface and then moves towards the intracellular signaling pathways, then gene transcription which corresponds to cellular responses. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was initially identified as an abnormally activated or mutated form which leads to a number of other abnormalities in the signaling pathway and hence leads to the formation of tumor (9). In our research, a 3D pharmacophore model was developed in order to promote the discovery of precise and effective EGFR inhibitor for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. The compounds used in this study have been characterized as reported in reference papers. In order to correlate experimental and computational studies we used their bioactivity data. MATERIALS AND METHODS The work was initiated using LigandScout software. LigandScout is a tool for deriving the 3D from structural data of ligand complexes more speedily and evidently in a completely automated and expedient way. It offers flawless workflow both from ligand and structure based pharmacophore modeling (10). LigandScout is thought to be an essential software tool for structure based drug designing, it is not only beneficial for carrying out analysis of binding sites but also for alignment based on pharmacophore and the designing of shared feature pharmacophores. LigandScout runs freely on all common operating systems. Till  date  a  number  of  successful  application  examples  have  been  carried out and standpublished (11). The very important and the very first step in pharmacophore model generation is the selection of data set compounds.  A  number  of  drugs have been reported that are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer which include Platinol(generic name: cisplatin)( 12),carboplatin, Taxotere(generic name: docetaxel), Gemzar(generic name: gemcitabine) ,Taxol(generic name: paclitaxel) , Almita(generic name: pemetrexed), Avastin(generic name: Bevacizumab), Xalkori(generic name: Crizotinib), Navelbine(generic name: vinorelbine , Iressa(generic name: Gefitinib) and Terceva(generic name: Erlotinib) (13)( 14)( 15). The two dimensional (2D) chemical structures of the compounds were drawn using ChemDraw Ultra (8.0) and the structures were saved as .Pdb files. Subsequently the 2D structures as shown below ( Figure 1) in the form of Pdb files were imported into LigandScout and converted into corresponding 3D pharmacophore structures. Cisplatin Pemetrexed Docetaxel Bevacizumab Viblastine Carboplatin Gemcitabine Crizotinib Gefitinib Paclitaxel Vinorelbine Erlotinib Hydrochloride Figure 1. 2D structures of selected data set of anti non small lung cancer The pharmacophoric features include H-bond donor, H-bond acceptor, Hydrophobic, aromatic, positively and negatively ionizable groups (16).The pharmacophore for each compound was generated and the distances among the pharmacophoric features were calculated using VMD software. VMD is designed not only for modeling, visualization, and analysis of biological systems such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipid bilayer assemblies but it may also be used to view more general molecules, as VMD can read standard Protein Data Bank (PDB) files and display the contained structure with their features. A number of application examples have been published to date (17). Once the pharmacophore of all the compounds were identified, the ligand was then super imposed so the pharmacophore elements overlap and a common template i-e the pharmacophore model is identified. The training set consisting of four compounds was collected from literature and it was found that the groups show enhanced and similar activity as that of the most active compounds based on the 3D pharmacophore being generated for non small lung cancer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pharmacophore analysis is considered as an fundamental part of drug design. The pharmacophore generated by LigandScout for the selected data set of anti  non small cell lung cancer showed three main features i-e H-bond acceptor(blue vectors), H-bond donor(blue vectors) and aromatic rings(yellow spheres).The representative pharacophores of each compound are shown in Figures 2,3,4 and 5 Figure 2. A pharmacophore of Pemetrexed (Alimta ®) The pharmacophoric features for each compound on the whole are shown in Table 1.The pharmacophores of all the compounds were then matched and a unique pharmacophore was identified after a detailed analysis. Figure 3 . A pharmacophore of Bevacizumab Figure 4 . A pharmacophore of Gemcitabine (Gemzar ®) On the whole, the representative pharmacophoric features for each compound are shown in Table 2.Resembling features were identified after analyzing the pharmacophore of all compounds generated by LigandScout. Then the similar features of all the compounds were superimposed and merged into single pharmacophore. The uniquely identified pharmacophoric features are shown in Table 3. Figure 5. A pharmacophore of Gefitinib Our common featured pharmacophore predicted for three compound of anti non small lung cancer is based on three HBAs, six HBDs and four aromatic centers. The distance triangle measured between the common pharmacophore features of each compound using VMD is shown in Table 4.The distance ranges from minimum to maximum and have measured between the HBA and HBD,HBA and aromatic ring and HBD and aromatic ring. Table 1. Pharmacophoric features of each compound Compounds H-Bond Donor H-Bond Acceptor Aromatic Centre Paclitaxel + + + Pemetrexed + + + Bevacizumab + + + Carboplatin + + + Crizotinib + + + Erlotinib Hydrocholride + + + Gefitinib + + + Gemcitabine + + + Methotrexate + + + The distances among the common pharmacophoric features between the predicted pharmacophore are shown in Figure 6. The distances between aromatic ring and HBD range from 4.15-4.80, between aromatic rings to HBA range from 7.03-8.66 and between HBA to HBD range from 5.85-6.97. Table 2. Pharmacophoric features of each compound Compound H-Bond Donor H-Bond Acceptor Aromatic Centre Paclitaxel 4 6 2 Pemetrexed 3 6 3 Bevacizumab 2 3 1 Carboplatin 0 3 0 Crizotinib 2 4 3 Erlotinib Hydrocholride 2 6 3 Gefitinib 2 6 4 Gemcitabine 3 7 2 Methotrexate 3 9 3 Table 3. Uniquely identified pharmacophoric features of compounds Compound Bevacizumab Pemetrexed Gefitinib H-Bond Donor 2 3 H-Bond Acceptor 3 6 2 6 Aromatic Centre 1 3 4 A training set of three compounds was collected from literature i-e MethyNonanoate, MMDA, Flavopirido(18).The generated 3D pharmacophore model was applied to the training set whereby validating and verifying their enhanced and similar activity as that of the standard compounds shown in Table 5. This further confirmed our observation and proposals for a pharmacophore model as it corresponds to the predicted pharmacophore. Table 4.Pharmacophoric triangle distances of each uniquely identified compounds Compounds Acceptor ïÆ'  Aromatic Ring Aromatic Ring ïÆ'  Donor Donor ïÆ'  Acceptor Gefitinib 7.10 4.76 6.97 Pemetrexed 7.03 4.15 5.85 Bevacizumab 8.14 4.29 6.36 Figure 6. Distance ranges among pharmacophoric features in predicted pharmacophore To support the suggested pharmacophore model , distance was estimated. The predicted distance of the training set and the standard drugs respectively are shown in Table 6. This table shows the close resemblance of Flavopiridol with that of standard drugs whereby validating that the compound shows high correlation with the predicted pharmacophoric triangle hence having similar activity. Table 5. The distance triangle for compounds of the training set Model Acceptor ïÆ'  Aromatic Ring Aromatic Ring ïÆ'  Donor Donor ïÆ'  Acceptor MMDA 5.99 5.52 5.95 Flavopiridol 7.01 4.04, 4 6.18 MethyNonanoate 4.01 7.60 2.24 Table 6. The 3D pharmacophoric distance triangle of the training set and the standard drugs respectively Model Standard Drugs Training Set Acceptor ïÆ'  Aromatic Ring 7.37-8.84 7.01-8.96 Aromatic Ring ïÆ'  Donor 4.39-4.89 4.04-4.62 Donor ïÆ'  Acceptor 6.18-6.97 6.18-6.64 CONCLUSION The pharmacophore model is a very handy tool for new lead compounds discovery and development. In this study pharmacophore models were built for novel drugs of non small lung cancer, pharmacophoric features were predicted and 3D pharmacophore has been generated for non small lung cancer. A triangle of three different classes has been selected for pharmacophore and Hydrogen bond Acceptor, Hydrogen bond Donor and Hydrophobic character of standard drugs have been filtered out as key pharmacophoric feature. The generated model was applied to the training set and it has been validated and proposed that Flavopiridol shows similar enhanced activity as that of standard drugs, hence could be used for further studies. Moreover Pharmachopore based docking will be used for virtual screening and designing of some novel  drugs  for  non  small  lung  cancer  in  continuation  of  this  work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We owe special thanks to Dr. Hamid Rashid, Ms. Saima Kalsoom , Faculty Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad for support and supervision in the research work. REFERENCES 1. Thomas L, Doyle LA, Edelman MJ. Lung cancer in women: emerging differences in epidemiology, biology, and therapy. Chest. 2005;128:370-381. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA. Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83(5):584-594. Ginsberg RJ, Vokes EE, Raben A. Non-small cell lung cancer. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:858– 910 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. 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